Belated Readings: Week 3

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: History and Focus - Jonathan Grudin

What factors and developments led to the establishment of the area of CSCW?
Started with office automation where it was tried to extend word processors and spreadsheets to support groups. It was found that technology alone was not enough, and that it would be necessary to research group dynamics and how people work in groups in order to create successful groupware application. Initial developments consisted of desktop conferencing, videoconferencing and email. Typical related studies that supported the establishment of CSCW were CAD/CAM, CASE and MUDs.

What are the differences between US and EU research traditions in CSCW?

US	Europe
Small-system/product development	Large-system/internal development
R&D sponsored by Computer industry, research labs and University; R&D more intertwined	Mostly Government sponsored
Focus on Experimental, observational and sociological data	Focus on large-scale systems development
Others build technology and they look for ways to use it	Driven by philosophy, social, economic, or political theory
Empirical:Experiments by social psychologists looking at group activity among teams of students	Contributions: Explicitly grounded in the writings of philosophers, social theorists and economists.

Collaborative Computing: The Next Millenium - Jay Nunamaker

What does Nunamaker tell about the role of anonymity in groupware systems?

Traditionally the requirements gathering process documented each person’s contribution every step of the way. This stifles both innovation and criticism, since no one wanted to get a reputation for rocking the boat. To prevent this stifling of ideas Nunamker suggested anonymity during the idea-gathering phase of meetings. The anonymity was obtained by allowing each person the use of a computer during the meeting to type their contributions to the meeting, which appeared, anonymously, on everyone else’s screen.

This allowed people who tended to remain silent in meetings, from shyness or intimidation, could now share their ideas freely. It also avoided constant bickering and shooting down of hostile participants ideas.
The net effect of these meetings was to generate more and better ideas faster .

Unfortunately, the very anonymity that allows freedom of expression can also be abused. To avoid this type of chaos, the anonymity should be conditional. There are times when you want participants to be anonymous and times when you don’t.